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Western MountainsThe mountains of the west were formed by tectonic plate collisions, aperiodic upthrusts, volcanic eruptions, glaciation, and water and wind erosion. Their orientation, weather, height, passes, flora and fauna had a profound influence on how the west was explored and developed. Vast areas within the western mountains remained unknown until the 20th century.
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| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harington, Donald | Let Us Build Us a City | Harcourt Brace & Co. | New York, NY | 1986 |
| Brophy, Patrick | Osage Autumn | Vernon County Historical Society | Nevada, MO | 1985 |
| Hedges, Michael A. | Roads, Old Trails, Traces, and Historical Places of Arkansas(Map) | Univ of Arkansas,USDA, et al. | Little Rock, AR | 1998 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Foreman, Grant | The Five Civilized Tribes | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1934 |
| Foley,William E. | The Genesis of Missouri | Univ of Missouri Press | Columbia, MO | 1989 |
| Mathews, John Joseph | The Osages | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1961 |
Rockies/Front Range/BitterrootThe “Shining Mountains” as they were called are a recent up thrust formation that run the length of the western U.S. from Glacier NP in northwestern Montana to the Gila National Forest in southern New Mexico. The Front Range in Colorado was a formidable barrier to western movement as were the Bitterroot Mountains that mark the Idaho/Montana border. The Rockies contain a geological “nightmare” in the Yellowstone area where an ancient over thrust, subsequent volcanic “hot spots”, a giant calderas, new up thrusts and glaciations have rendered the terrain a mystery to ground observers.
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berry, Don | A Majority of Scoundrels | Comstock Editions, Inc. | Sausalito, CA | 1961 |
| Townsend, John Kirk(1834) | Across the Rockies to the Columbia | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1978 |
| Miller, Helen Markley | Benjamin Bonneville, Soldier-Explorer | Kingston House | Chicago, IL | 1957 |
| Lister, Robert H. and Florence C. | Chaco Canyon | Univ of New Mexico Press | Albuquerque, NM | 1981 |
| Talbot, Vivian Linford | David E. Jackson | Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum | Jackson, WY | 1996 |
| McFarland, Elizabeth | Forever Frontier, The Gila Cliff Dwellings | University of New Mexico | Albuquerque, NM | 1967 |
| Frazer, Robert W. | Forts of the West | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1972 |
| Egan, Ferol | Fremont, Explorer for a Restless Nation | Univ of Nevada Press | Reno, NV | 1985 |
| Editors | Frontier, Montana, Pioneer (Map) | Montana DOT, Big Horn CHS | Hardin, MT | 1997 |
| Hunter, James | Glencoe and the Indians | Mainstrem Publishing | Edinburgh, UK | 1996 |
| Evans, Lucylle H. | Good Samaritan of the Northwest(Ravalli) | Montana Creative Consultants | Stevensville, MT | 1981 |
| Spur, Dick and Wendy | Historic Forts of Colorado | Centennial Publicatioins | Grand Junction, CO | 1994 |
| Crampton,Gregory and Madsen,Stephen | In Search of the Spanish Trail | Gibbs Smith | Salt Lake City, UT | 1994 |
| Walker, Deward E., Jr. | Indians of Idaho | Univ of Idaho | Moscow, ID | 1978 |
| Harris, Burton | John Colter | Big Horn Book Co. | Casper, WY | 1983 |
| Russell, Osborne; Haines, Aubry Editor | Journal of a Trapper (Orig Pub 1914) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1965 |
| Guild, Thelma S. and Carter, Harvey L. | Kit Carson, A Pattern for Heros | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1984 |
| Ruth, Kent | Landmarks of the West | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Appleman, Roy E. | Lewis & Clark, Historic Places… | United States National Park Service | Washington, DC | 1975 |
| Franzwa, Gregory M. | Maps of the Oregon Trail | The Patrice Press | St. Louis, MO | 1990 |
| Tirrell, Norma | Montana Handbook | Compass American Guides, Inc. | Oakland, CA | 1991 |
| Favour, Alpheus H.; Brandon, William Introduction | Old Bill Williams, Mountain Man | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1962 |
| Hafen, Leroy R. and Hafen, Anne W | Old Spanish Trail | Univ of Nebaska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1993 |
| Marsh, Charles S. | People of the Shining Mountains | Pruett Publishing Co. | Boulder, CO | 1982 |
| Noble, David Grant | Pueblos, Villages, Forts and Trails(New Mexico) | Univ of New Mexico Press | Albuquerque, NM | 1994 |
| Gowans, Fred R. | Rocky Mountain Rendezvous | Brigham Young Univ Press | Provo,UT | 1975 |
| Howard, Helen Addison | Saga of Chief Joseph | Caxton Printers | Caldwell, ID | 1965 |
| Nisbet, Jack | Sources of the River, Tracking David Thompson | Sasquatch Books | Seattle, WA | 1994 |
| -- | St. Mary's Mission | Historic St. Mary's Mission, Inc. | Stevensville, MT | 1997 |
| Irving,Washington | The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, USA | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1986 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 1(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 2(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Ewers, John C. | The Blackfeet | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1958 |
| Locke, Raymond Friday | The Book of the Navajo | Mankind Publishing Co. | Los Angeles, CA | 1992 |
| Coues, Elliot Editor | The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike Vol I & 2 | Dover Publications | Mineola, NY | 1987 |
| DeVoto, Bernard Editor | The Journals of Lewis and Clark | Houghton Mifflin Co. | Boston, MA | 1953 |
| Coyner, David H. | The Lost Trappers(Orig Pub 1847) | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1995 |
| Victor, Frances Fuller; Nash, Lee Editor | The River of the West, The Adventures of Joe Meek Vol 2, The Oregon Years (Orig Pub 1870) | Mountain Press Publishing Co. | Missoula, MT | 1985 |
| Anderson, William M. | The Rocky Mountain Journals | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1967 |
| Trenholm, Virginia Cole and Carley, Maurine | The Shoshonis | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1964 |
| Weber, David J. | The Taos Trappers | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1971 |
| Fanselow, Julie | The Traveller's Guide to the Lewis and Clark Trail | Falcon Press | Helena, MT | 1994 |
| Athern, Robert G. | Union Pacific Country | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1976 |
| Pitcher | Wyoming Handbook | Moon Publications Inc. | Chico,CA | 1991 |
Black Hills The low, pine covered hills of eastern Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota appeared very dark to early trappers and emigrants and were appropriately named as the “Black Hills.”
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruth, Kent | Landmarks of the West | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Winckler, Susanne | Smithsonian Guide,Plains States | Stewart, Tabori and Chang | New York, NY | 1990 |
| Lowie, Robert H. | The Crow Indians | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1963 |
| Lawless, Chuck | The Old West Sourcebook | Crown Trade Paperbacks | New York, NY | 1994 |
| Hassrick, Royal B. | The Soiux | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1964 |
Wasatch/UintaLong, long ago the coast of North America was located at Salt Lake City. The Wasatch/Uinta Mountain ranges were formed as part of the subduction of the Farallon tectonic plate under the North American plate. The Uinta Range is the only major east-west oriented range in the western U.S.
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berry, Don | A Majority of Scoundrels | Comstock Editions, Inc. | Sausalito, CA | 1961 |
| Robertson, R. G. | Competitive Struggle, America's Western Fur Trading Posts, 1764-1865 | Tamarack books, Inc. | Boise, ID | 1999 |
| Tykal, Jack B. | Etienne Provost | Eagles View Publishing Co. | Liberty View, UT | 1989 |
| Frazer, Robert W. | Forts of the West | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1972 |
| Vestal, Stanley | Jim Bridger, Mountain Man | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1970 |
| Ruth, Kent | Landmarks of the West | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Marsh, Charles S. | People of the Shining Mountains | Pruett Publishing Co. | Boulder, CO | 1982 |
| Binns, Archie | Peter Skene Ogden | Binfords and Mort, Publishers | Portland, OR | 1967 |
| Gowans, Fred R. | Rocky Mountain Rendezvous | Brigham Young Univ Press | Provo,UT | 1975 |
| Legg, John | Shinin' Trails | Eagles View Publishing Co. | Ogden, UT | 1988 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 1(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 2(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Stewart, George R. | The California Trail | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1983 |
| Stegner, Wallace | The Gathering of Zion | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1981 |
| Korns, J. Roderic and Morgan, Dale L. | West From Fort Bridger | Utah State Univ Press | Logan, UT | 1994 |
| Clokey, Richard M. | William H. Ashley | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1990 |
Sierra Nevada/Coastal RangeSubduction of the Farallon tectonic plate also helped form the two California mountain ranges which effectively isolated the Pacific Coast settlements as long as there was no overriding reason to pierce these barriers. Even though only a handful of prior explorers like Juan Bautista de Anza, Jed Smith, John Fremont and Joe Walker and a few emigrant parties struggled into California by land the 1849 gold rush proved how swiftly a determined horde could make major breaches in them.
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Editors | California Historical Landmarks | California Dept of Parks and Recreation | Sacramento, CA | 1990 |
| Emanuels, George | California Indians, An Illustrated Guide | Diablo Books | Walnut Creek, CA | 1991 |
| Egan, Ferol | Fremont, Explorer for a Restless Nation | Univ of Nevada Press | Reno, NV | 1985 |
| Paher, Stanley | Gold Country | KC Publications | Las Vegas, NV | 1996 |
| Guild, Thelma S. and Carter, Harvey L. | Kit Carson, A Pattern for Heros | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1984 |
| Ruth, Kent | Landmarks of the West | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Bonner,T.D. | Life and Adventures of James P. Beckworth(Orig Pub 1856) | Ross and Haines, Inc. | Minneapo;is, MN | 1965 |
| Crosby, Alexander L. | Old Greenwood, Pathfinder of the West | The Talisman Press | Georgetown, CA | 1967 |
| Newell, Olive | Tail of the Elephant | Nevada County Historical Society | Nevada City, CA | 1997 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Stewart, George R. | The California Trail | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1983 |
| Ricketts, Norma Baldwin | The Mormon Battalion | Utah State University Press | Logan, UT | 1996 |
| Lawless, Chuck | The Old West Sourcebook | Crown Trade Paperbacks | New York, NY | 1994 |
| Holliday, J. S. | The World Rushed In | Simon and Schuster, Touchstone | New York, NY | 1981 |
| Athern, Robert G. | Union Pacific Country | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1976 |
| Gilbert, Bil | Westering Man, The Life of Joseph Walker | University of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1985 |
Cascade/Coastal RangeThe mountains of western “Oregon”, also formed by the Farallon plate subduction, were formidable to cross in wagons but traveling along the Columbia River made it unnecessary to go over them.
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Editors | Barlow Road | Wasco and Clackamas County Historical Society | Oregon City, OR | 1991 |
| Editors | Clackamas County Historical, 1960 | Clackamas County Historical Society | Oregon City, OR | 1960 |
| Egan, Ferol | Fremont, Explorer for a Restless Nation | Univ of Nevada Press | Reno, NV | 1985 |
| Hasselstrom, Linda M. | Journal of a Mountain Man, James Clyman(Orig Pub 1928) | Mountain Press Publishing Co. | Missoula, MT | 1984 |
| Guild, Thelma S. and Carter, Harvey L. | Kit Carson, A Pattern for Heros | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1984 |
| Beckham, Stephen Dow | Land of the Umpqua | Douglas County Commissioners | Roseburg, OR | 1986 |
| Cordano, Vira | Levi Scott. An Oregon Trailblazer | Bindord & Mort | Portland, OR | 1982 |
| Dye, Eva Emery | McLoughlin and Old Oregon | Bindsfords and Mort | Portland, OR | 1936 |
| Brown,Vinson | Native Americans of the Pacific Coast | Naturegraph Publishers Inc | Happy Camp,CA | 1985 |
| Webber, Bert | Over the Applegate Trail to Oregon in 1846 | Webb Research Group Publishers | Medford, OR | 1996 |
| Binns, Archie | Peter Skene Ogden | Binfords and Mort, Publishers | Portland, OR | 1967 |
| Strong, Emory | Stone Age on the Columbia River | Binfords and Mort, Publishers | Portland, OR | 1959 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Winther, Oscar Osburn | The Old Oregon Country | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1950 |
| Victor, Frances Fuller; Nash, Lee Editor | The River of the West, The Adventures of Joe Meek Vol 2, The Oregon Years (Orig Pub 1870) | Mountain Press Publishing Co. | Missoula, MT | 1985 |
| Winterbottom, Jerry | Umpqua, the Lost County of Oregon | Jerry Winterbottom | Brownsville, OR | 1994 |
Big HornThe Big Horn mountains are a prominent outcrop of the northern Rockies that forced early trappers to pursue a more southerly course to reach the rich beaver grounds of the Green, Snake and Bear rivers beyond the continental divide . Their effort led to the realization that South Pass was an acceptable route, even in winter, to properly equipped parties to get through the Rockies and reach “Oregon” and California.
| Author | Title | Publisher | City | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berry, Don | A Majority of Scoundrels | Comstock Editions, Inc. | Sausalito, CA | 1961 |
| Editors | Custer Battlefield | Government Printing Office, National Park Service | Washington, DC | 1988 |
| Larpenteur, Charles; Hedren, Paul L. Introduction | Forty Years a Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri (Orig Pub 1933) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1989 |
| Harris, Burton | John Colter | Big Horn Book Co. | Casper, WY | 1983 |
| Russell, Osborne; Haines, Aubry Editor | Journal of a Trapper (Orig Pub 1914) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1965 |
| Bonner,T.D. | Life and Adventures of James P. Beckworth(Orig Pub 1856) | Ross and Haines, Inc. | Minneapo;is, MN | 1965 |
| Hafen, Leroy R. | Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1982 |
| Gowans, Fred R. | Rocky Mountain Rendezvous | Brigham Young Univ Press | Provo,UT | 1975 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 1(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Chittenden, Hiram Martin | The American Fur Trade of the Far West Vol 2(Orig Pub 1935) | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1986 |
| Goetzmann, William H., Williams, Glyndwr | The Atlas of North American Exploration | Prentice Hall | New York, NY | 1992 |
| Ewers, John C. | The Blackfeet | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1958 |
| Lowie, Robert H. | The Crow Indians | Univ of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1963 |
| Victor, Frances Fuller;Blevins, Winfred Editor | The River of the West, The Adventures of Joe Meek, Vol 1, the Mountain Years(Orig Pub 1870) | Mountain Press Publishing Co. | Missoula, MT | 1983 |
| Trenholm, Virginia Cole and Carley, Maurine | The Shoshonis | Univ of Oklahoma Press | Norman, OK | 1964 |
| Momot, Robert Editor/Photographer | The Wind River Rendezvous | St. Stephans Indian Mission Foundation | Ft. Washakie/St Stephans, WY | 1986 |
| Hebard, Grace Raymond | Washakie, Chief of the Shoshones | University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln, NE | 1995 |
| Pitcher | Wyoming Handbook | Moon Publications Inc. | Chico,CA | 1991 |
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